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1 повышать по службе
increase in the service глагол:Русско-английский синонимический словарь > повышать по службе
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2 ampliar
v.1 to expand.2 to enlarge, to blow up (photography).La máquina amplió la fotografía The machine enlarged the photograph.3 to further, to continue (estudios).4 to increase, to augment, to amplify, to enlarge.Su estrategia amplía las posibilidades His strategy increases the...* * *1 to enlarge, extend2 ARQUITECTURA to build an extension onto3 (fotografía) to enlarge4 (capital) to increase5 (estudios) to further6 (tema, idea) to develop, expand on* * *verb1) to expand, extend2) enlarge3) widen* * *1. VT1) [en tamaño] to extendqueremos ampliar el salón — we want to extend the living room, we want to make the living room bigger
lee mucho para ampliar su vocabulario — he reads a lot in order to extend o expand his vocabulary
2) [en número] to increaseno ampliarán la plantilla — they are not going to increase o expand the headcount o the payroll
3) [+ prórroga, período] to extendhan ampliado el plazo de matrícula — they have put back the closing date for enrolment, they have extended the period for enrolment
4) (Fot) to enlarge5) (Com) [+ empresa, compañía] to expand, grow; [+ capital] to increasedeseamos ampliar el campo de acción de la empresa — we want to extend o expand o broaden the company's area of business
6) [+ sonido] to amplify7) [+ idea, explicación] to elaborate on8) [+ poderes] to extend, widen2.See:* * *verbo transitivoa) <local/carretera> to extend; < negocio> to expandb) <capital/plantilla> to increasec) <conocimientos/vocabulario> to increase; < explicación> to expand (on); < campo de acción> to widen, broadend) <plazo/período> to extende) < fotografía> to enlarge, blow up* * *= augment, broaden, elaborate on, expand, extend, magnify, widen, add to, amplify, aggrandise [aggrandize, -USA].Ex. These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.Ex. The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.Ex. The documents cited may support and provide precedent for, illustrate or elaborate on what the author has to say.Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.Ex. The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.Ex. More libraries should make use of the Tieman tv-loop which enables the partially-sighted to magnify pages of printed text.Ex. The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.Ex. In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.Ex. The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.Ex. He established Samarkand as his imperial capital in the 1360s and set about aggrandising it with plunder from his conquests.----* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.* ampliar el conocimiento = widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.* ampliar el horario de apertura = extend + hours.* ampliar el horizonte = broaden + perspective, widen + the scope.* ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.* ampliar la cobertura = broaden + coverage, broaden + the scope.* ampliar la experiencia = extend + experience, broaden + experience.* ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.* ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.* ampliar los horizontes = broaden + horizons, extend + horizons, enlarge + horizons, widen + horizons, expand + Posesivo + horizons, expand + views.* ampliar los recursos = broaden + resources.* ampliar + Posesivo + educación = extend + Posesivo + education.* ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.* ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.* * *verbo transitivoa) <local/carretera> to extend; < negocio> to expandb) <capital/plantilla> to increasec) <conocimientos/vocabulario> to increase; < explicación> to expand (on); < campo de acción> to widen, broadend) <plazo/período> to extende) < fotografía> to enlarge, blow up* * *= augment, broaden, elaborate on, expand, extend, magnify, widen, add to, amplify, aggrandise [aggrandize, -USA].Ex: These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.
Ex: The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.Ex: The documents cited may support and provide precedent for, illustrate or elaborate on what the author has to say.Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.Ex: The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.Ex: More libraries should make use of the Tieman tv-loop which enables the partially-sighted to magnify pages of printed text.Ex: The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.Ex: In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.Ex: The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.Ex: He established Samarkand as his imperial capital in the 1360s and set about aggrandising it with plunder from his conquests.* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.* ampliar el conocimiento = widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.* ampliar el horario de apertura = extend + hours.* ampliar el horizonte = broaden + perspective, widen + the scope.* ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.* ampliar la cobertura = broaden + coverage, broaden + the scope.* ampliar la experiencia = extend + experience, broaden + experience.* ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.* ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.* ampliar los horizontes = broaden + horizons, extend + horizons, enlarge + horizons, widen + horizons, expand + Posesivo + horizons, expand + views.* ampliar los recursos = broaden + resources.* ampliar + Posesivo + educación = extend + Posesivo + education.* ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.* ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.* * *vt1 ‹local/carretera› to extend; ‹negocio› to expand2 ‹capital/plantilla› to increase3 ‹conocimientos/vocabulario› to increase, improve; ‹explicación› to expand (on); ‹campo de acción› to widen, broaden, extenduna versión ampliada y corregida an expanded and corrected versionpara ampliar sus estudios to further her studiesquiere ampliar sus horizontes he wants to broaden his horizons4 ‹plazo/período› to extend5 ‹fotografía› to enlarge, blow up* * *
ampliar ( conjugate ampliar) verbo transitivo
‹ negocio› to expand
‹ explicación› to expand (on);
‹ campo de acción› to widen, broaden;
ampliar verbo transitivo
1 (hacer más largo un plazo) to extend
2 (hacer más grande un edificio) to enlarge
3 (extender un negocio) to expand
4 (una fotografía) to enlarge, to blow up
5 (el campo de acción) to widen: los sindicatos proponen ampliar las sanciones a los defraudadores, the unions propose greater penalties for those committing fraud
' ampliar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- extender
- refacción
English:
amplify
- blow up
- enlarge
- expand
- expand on
- extend
- magnify
- widen
- add
- blow
- broaden
- develop
- push
* * *ampliar vt1. [negocio] to expand;han ampliado el servicio a todo el país they have extended the service to cover the whole country;van a ampliar el catálogo de productos they are going to expand o extend their product range;ampliarán la plantilla del banco they are going to take on additional staff at the bank, they are going to increase staff numbers at the bank;no quieren ampliar más la Unión Europea they don't want to enlarge the European Union any further2. [local, vivienda] to extend;[aeropuerto] to expand;queremos ampliar el salón we want to make the living-room bigger4. [plazo] to extend5. [fotografía] to enlarge, to blow up;[fotocopia] to enlarge6. [estudios] to further, to continue;[conocimientos] to increase, to expand* * *v/tampliar estudios continue one’s education;ampliar sus horizontes broaden one’s horizons2 FOT enlarge, blow up* * *ampliar {85} vt1) : to expand, to extend2) : to widen3) : to enlarge (photographs)4) : to elaborate on, to develop (ideas)* * *ampliar vb1. (edificio, plazo) to extend2. (negocio, mercado) to expand3. (número, cantidad) to increase4. (una foto) to enlarge -
3 passer
passer [pαse]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 1━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque passer fait partie d'une locution comme passer sous le nez de qn, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <• où passe la route ? where does the road go?► passer à ( = passer par, aller à)• si nous passions au salon ? shall we go into the sitting room?• le confort, ça passe après comfort is less important► passer avant• passez donc devant ! you go first!• il est passé devant le conseil de discipline he came up before the disciplinary committee► passer par to go through• pour y aller, je passe par Amiens I go there via Amiens• par où êtes-vous passé ? (pour venir ici) which way did you come? ; (pour aller ailleurs) which way did you go?• pour téléphoner, il faut passer par le standard you have to go through the switchboard to make a call• ça fait du bien par où ça passe ! (inf) that's just what the doctor ordered! (inf)► passer sous to go under• l'air passe sous la porte there's a draught from under the door► passer sur to go over ; ( = ignorer) to ignore• et je passe sur la saleté du lieu ! not to mention how dirty the place was!► laisser passer [+ air, lumière] to let in ; [+ personne, procession] to let through ; [+ erreur, occasion] to missb. ( = faire une halte rapide) passer au bureau to call in at the office► passer + infinitif• puis-je passer te voir en vitesse ? can I pop round?► en passant ( = sur le chemin) on the way ; ( = dans la conversation) in passing• il aime tous les sports, du football à la boxe en passant par le golf he likes all sports, from football to golf to boxingd. ( = franchir un obstacle) [véhicule] to get through ; [cheval, sauteur] to get over• ça passe ? (en manœuvrant) have I got enough room?e. ( = s'écouler) [temps] to go by• comme le temps passe ! how time flies!f. ( = être digéré) to go down• ça ne passe pas [repas] I've got indigestiong. ( = être accepté) [demande, proposition] to be accepted• il est passé dans la classe supérieure he's moved up to the next class (Brit) he's been promoted to the next grade (US)• l'équipe est passée en 2e division the team have moved up to the second divisionh. ( = devenir) to becomei. ( = être montré) [film, émission, personne] to be onj. ( = disparaître) [douleur] to pass ; [orage] to blow over ; [beauté, couleur] to fade ; [colère] to subside ; [mode] to die outl. (locutions) qu'il soit menteur, passe encore,... he may be a liar, that's one thing,...• se faire passer pour to pass o.s. off ason a eu la grippe, tout le monde y est passé we've all had flu• si elle veut une promotion, il faudra bien qu'elle y passe (sexuellement) if she wants to be promoted, she'll have to sleep with the boss► passons let's say no more about it2. <a. ( = franchir) [+ frontière] to cross ; [+ porte] to go throughb. ( = donner, transmettre) to give ; [+ consigne, message] to pass on• je vous passe M. Duroy [standard] I'm putting you through to Mr Duroy ; ( = je lui passe l'appareil) here's Mr Duroyc. ( = mettre) [+ vêtement] to put ond. ( = dépasser) [+ gare, maison] to passe. ( = omettre) [+ mot, ligne] to leave out• et j'en passe ! and that's not all!f. ( = permettre) passer un caprice à qn to humour sbg. [+ examen] to takeh. [+ temps, vacances] to spendi. [+ film, diapositives] to show ; [+ disque] to playj. [+ commande] to place3. <a. ( = avoir lieu) to happen• qu'est-ce qui s'est passé ? what happened?• que se passe-t-il ? what's going on?• ça ne se passera pas comme ça ! I won't stand for that!b. ( = se mettre à soi-même) elle s'est passé de la crème solaire sur les épaules she put some sun cream on her shouldersc. (se transmettre) [+ ballon] to pass to each other ; [+ notes de cours, livre, plat] to pass around━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━+1! La traduction la plus courante de passer n'est pas to pass ; passer un examen se traduit par to take an exam.* * *pɑse
1.
1) ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, frontière]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [obstacle]2) ( faire franchir)3) ( dépasser) to go past, to passquand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite — turn right after the lights
4) ( mettre)5) ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [something] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter) (colloq) to lend ( à quelqu'un to somebody); ( donner) (colloq) to give ( à quelqu'un to somebody)6) ( au téléphone)attends, je te la passe — hold on, here she is, I'll put her on
je vous le passe — ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through
7) ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux — I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral
8) ( réussir) to pass [examen, test]9) ( dans le temps) to spend [temps] ( à faire doing)dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit! — (colloq) hurry up, or we'll be here all night!
10) ( pardonner)11) ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]j'en passe et des meilleures — (colloq) ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on
12) ( utiliser)passer l'aspirateur dans le salon — to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge
13) ( étendre)14) ( soumettre)qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé! — (colloq) she really went for us! (colloq)
15) ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus, sauce]; to purée [légumes]16) ( enfiler) to slip [something] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]17) ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce]18) ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]passer un marché — (colloq) to make a deal
19) Automobile ( enclencher)passer la troisième/la marche arrière — to go into third gear/into reverse
20) Jeux
2.
verbe intransitif1) ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to passle facteur n'est pas encore passé — the postman hasn't come ou been yet
passer à pied/à bicyclette — to walk/to cycle past
2) (se trouver, s'étendre)ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles — line that goes through the centres [BrE] of two circles
3) ( faire un saut)je ne fais que passer — I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute
passer dans la matinée — to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning
passer prendre quelqu'un/qch — to pick somebody/sth up
4) ( se rendre) to goil est passé devant moi — ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me
5) ( aller au-delà) to get throughvas-y, ça passe! — go on, there's plenty of room!
il est passé par la fenêtre — ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window
passer derrière la maison — to get round GB ou around US the back of the house
6) ( transiter)passer par — [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through
qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? — what was he/she thinking of?
un sourire passa sur ses lèvres — he/she smiled briefly
des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe — from reptiles to man, including apes
7) (colloq) ( avoir son tour)il accuse le patron, ses collègues, bref, tout le monde y passe — he's accusing the boss, his colleagues - in other words, everyone in sight
que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer — whether you like it or not, there's no alternative
je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là — I know all about that, I've been there (colloq)
8) ( négliger)passons! — ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!
passer à côté d'une question — ( involontairement) to miss the point
laisser passer quelque chose — ( délibérément) to overlook something
laisser passer plusieurs fautes — ( par inadvertance) to let several mistakes slip through
9) ( ne pas approfondir)10) (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well ( auprès de with); [loi, candidat] to get through; [attitude, pensée] to be acceptedprends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! — have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion
que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! — criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander
avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas — flattery won't work with him
passer au premier tour — Politique to be elected in the first round
passer dans la classe supérieure — to move up to the next year ou grade US
(ça) passe pour cette fois — (colloq) I'll let it go this time
11) ( se déplacer)12) ( être pris)faire passer quelqu'un/qch pour exceptionnel — to make somebody/sth out to be exceptional
13) ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to passquand l'orage sera or aura passé — lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down
ça passera — ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it
la première réaction passée — once we/they calmed down
nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée — we had to wait for his/her anger to subside
14) (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing15) ( être placé)passer avant/après — ( en importance) to come before/after
16) (colloq) ( disparaître)17) ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by18) ( se mettre à) to turn to19) ( être transmis)20) ( être promu) to be promoted to21) ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into22) (colloq) ( mourir)si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer — if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself
on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux — we've all got to go sometime, the later the better
23) ( se décolorer) [teinte, tissu] to fade24) ( filtrer) [café] to filter25) ( changer de vitesse)passer en troisième/marche arrière — to go into third/reverse
la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer — third gear is a bit stiff
26) Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass
3.
se passer verbe pronominal1) ( se produire) to happen2) ( être situé) to take place3) ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go4) ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass5) ( se dispenser)se passer de — [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]
6) ( se mettre)7) ( l'un à l'autre)* * *pɒse1. vi1) (= aller) to go, to pass, to pass by, to go byIls sont passés par Paris. — They went through Paris.
2) (= faire une halte rapide) [facteur] to come, to call, (pour rendre visite) to call in, to drop inJe passerai chez vous ce soir. — I'll call in this evening., I'll drop in this evening.
Je lui ai dit en passant que j'allais me marier. — I told him in passing that I was getting married.
3) CARTES to pass4)passe encore de le penser, mais de le dire! — it's one thing to think it, but to say it!
passer sur qch [faute, détail inutile] — to pass over sth
5) (= s'écouler) [temps, jours] to go by, to pass6) (= disparaître) [douleur] to pass, to go away, [mode] to die out, [couleur, papier] to fadefaire passer à qn le goût de qch [homme] — to cure sb of his taste for sth, [femme] to cure sb of her taste for sth
7) (= franchir un obstacle, traverser) [personne] to get through, [courant, air, lumière] to get through, [liquide, café] to go throughfaire passer [message] — to get over, to get across
laisser passer [air, lumière, personne] — to let through, [occasion] to miss, [erreur] to overlook
Il m'a laissé passer. — He let me through.
8) (= être digéré, avalé) to go down10) (= être diffusé) [film, émission] to be on"Titanic" passe à la télé ce soir. — "Titanic" is on TV tonight.
Mon père passe à la radio demain soir. — My father's on the radio tomorrow night.
passer à [ennemi, opposition] — to go over to
passer aux aveux — to confess, to make a confession
passer avant qch/qn fig — to come before sth/sb
passer en seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second
passer pour; Il passe pour riche. — He is thought to be rich.
faire passer qn/qch pour — to make sb/sth out to be
2. vt1) (= franchir) [frontière, rivière] to cross, [douane] to go throughNous avons passé la frontière belge. — We crossed the Belgian border.
2) (= transmettre, donner)passer qch à qn — to pass sth to sb, to give sb sth
Passe-moi le sel, s'il te plaît. — Pass me the salt, please.
je vous passe M. Cousin (au téléphone) — I'm putting you through to Mr Cousin
passer qch en fraude (= faire entrer) — to smuggle sth in, (= faire sortir) to smuggle sth out
3) [temps, journée] to spendElle a passé la journée à ne rien faire. — She spent the day doing nothing.
Ils passent toujours leurs vacances au Danemark. — They always spend their holidays in Denmark.
4) (= subir) [examen] to sit, to take, [visite médicale] to haveGordon a passé ses examens la semaine dernière. — Gordon took his exams last week.
5) (= mettre) [vêtement] to slip onpasser la seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second
6) (= faire passer) [thé, soupe] to strain7) (= jouer) [film] to show, [disque, CD] to play, to put onOn passe "Le Kid" au cinéma cette semaine. — They're showing "The Kid" at the cinema this week.
8) (= conclure) [marché] to agree on, [accord] to reach9) (= tolérer)10) (= devenir)* * *passer verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, pont, frontière, col]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [haie, obstacle]; ils ont fait passer la rivière au troupeau they took the herd across the river; il m'a fait passer la frontière he got me across the border;2 ( faire franchir) passer qch à la douane to get sth through customs; passer qch en fraude or contrebande to smuggle sth; passer qn en fraude ( vers l'intérieur) to smuggle sb in; ( vers l'extérieur) to smuggle sb out; ⇒ gauche;3 ( dépasser) to go past, to pass; quand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite turn right after the lights; passer la barre des dix euros to pass the ten-euro mark; on a passé l'heure it's too late; j'ai passé l'âge I'm too old; le malade ne passera pas la nuit the patient won't last the night;4 ( mettre) passer le doigt sur la table to run one's finger over the table-top; passer la tête à la fenêtre to stick one's head out of the window; elle m'a passé le bras autour des épaules she put her arm around my shoulders; elle m'a passé la main dans les cheveux she ran her fingers through my hair;5 ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [sth] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter)○ to lend (à qn to sb); ( donner)○ to give (à qn to sb); passer le ballon au gardien de but to pass the ball to the goalkeeper; passe-moi le sel pass me the salt; passe le vin à ton père pass your father the wine; faites passer le plat entre vous pass the dish around; fais passer la bonne nouvelle à tes amis pass the good news on to your friends; elle a attrapé la grippe et l'a passée à son mari she caught flu and gave it to her husband; il m'a passé son vélo○ ( prêté) he lent me his bike; ( donné) he gave me his bike; il m'a passé son rhume he's given me his cold;6 ( au téléphone) tu peux me passer Chris? can you put Chris on?; attends, je te la passe hold on, here she is, I'll put her on; je vous le passe ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through; pourriez-vous me passer le poste 4834/le service de traduction? could you put me through to extension 4834/the translation department, please?; il est sorti, je vous passe sa secrétaire he's out, I'll put you through to his secretary;7 ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]; passer son permis de conduire to take one's driving test; faire passer un test à qn to give sb a test; c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral;8 ( réussir) to pass [examen, test];9 ( dans le temps) to spend [temps, jour, vie, vacances] (à faire doing); passer une nuit à l'hôtel to spend a night at a hotel; nous avons passé de bons moments ensemble we've had some good times together; dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit○! hurry up, or we'll be here all night!; passer sa colère sur son chat/ses collègues to take one's anger out on the cat/one's colleagues;10 ( pardonner) passer qch à qn to let sb get away with sth; il ne me passe rien he doesn't let me get away with anything; elle leur passe tout she lets them get away with murder; passez-lui ses écarts de langage excuse his/her strong language; il passe tous ses caprices à sa fille he indulges his daughter's every whim; passez-moi l'expression/le terme if you'll pardon the expression/the word;11 ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]; je vous passe les détails I'll spare you the details; j'en passe et des meilleures ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on;12 ( utiliser) passer un chiffon humide sur les meubles to go over the furniture with a damp cloth; passer un coup de fer sur une chemise to give a shirt a quick press; n'oublie pas de passer l'aspirateur dans le salon don't forget to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge;13 ( étendre) en passant un peu de cire, les rayures disparaîtront if you go over it with a bit of wax, the scratches will disappear; passer un peu de baume sur une brûlure to dab some ointment on a burn; passer une couche de peinture sur qch to give sth a coat of paint;14 ( soumettre) passez le plat au four put the dish in the oven; passer la pointe d'une aiguille à la flamme to hold the point of a needle over a flame; passer le plancher à la cire to put some wax on the floor; passer qch à l'eau ( pour rincer) to give sth a rinse; ( pour obtenir une réaction) to soak sth briefly in water; qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé○! she really went for us○!; ⇒ peigne;15 ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus de fruit, sauce]; to purée [légumes]; passer des légumes au moulin à légumes to purée vegetables;16 ( enfiler) to slip [sth] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]; ils ont essayé de me passer la camisole they tried to put me in a straitjacket;17 ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce];18 ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]; passer un marché○ to make a deal;20 Aut ( enclencher) to go into [vitesse]; passer la troisième/la marche arrière to go into third gear/into reverse;B vi1 ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to pass; passer entre to pass between; regarder passer les trains to watch the trains go past ou by; nous sommes passés devant le palais/près du lac we went past the palace/the lake; passer sous/sur un pont to go under/over a bridge; l'autobus vient juste de passer the bus has just gone; le facteur n'est pas encore passé the postman hasn't been yet; quand passe le prochain car pour Caen? when is the next coach GB ou bus for Caen?; je suis passé à côté de lui/du monument I passed him/the monument; nous sommes passés près de chez toi ce matin we were near your house this morning; passer à pied/à cheval/en voiture/à bicyclette to walk/ride/drive/cycle past; un avion est passé a plane flew past overhead; il est passé en courant/boitant he ran/limped past; j'ai renversé le vase en passant I knocked over the vase as I went by; en passant, achète du lait buy some milk while you're out; le ballon est passé tout près des buts the ball narrowly missed the goal;2 (se trouver, s'étendre) la route passe à côté du lac the road runs alongside the lake; le ruisseau passe derrière la maison the stream runs behind the house; ils ont fait passer la route devant chez nous/près de l'église/derrière le village they built the road in front of our house/near the church/behind the village; ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles line that connects the centresGB of two circles; en faisant passer une ligne par ces deux villes drawing a line through these two towns;3 ( faire un saut) je ne fais que passer I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute; quand je suis passé au marché when I went down to the market; quand je suis passé à l'école when I dropped by the school; quand je suis passé chez lui when I called in to see him GB, when I dropped by his place; passer à la banque to call in at the bank GB, to drop by the bank; il est passé déposer un dossier he came to drop off a file; il est passé quelqu'un pour toi someone was looking for you; je passerai un de ces jours I'll drop by one of these days; passer dans la matinée [plombier, représentant] to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning; passe nous voir plus souvent! come and see us more often!; passer prendre qn/qch to pick sb/sth up; je passerai te prendre à six heures I'll pick you up at six; je passerai prendre le gâteau dans une heure I'll pick up the cake in an hour;4 ( se rendre) to go; passez au guichet numéro 3 go to counter 3; passons au salon let's go into ou through to the lounge; les contrebandiers sont passés en Espagne the smugglers have crossed into Spain; passez derrière moi, je vous montrerai le chemin follow me, I'll show you the way; il est passé devant moi, il m'est passé devant○ ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me; passer à la visite médicale to go for a medical examination; passer devant une commission to come before a committee;5 ( aller au-delà) to get through; tu ne passeras pas, c'est trop étroit you'll never get through, it's too narrow; on ne peut pas passer à cause de la neige we can't get through because of the snow; impossible de passer tant il y avait de monde you couldn't get through, there were so many people; il est passé au rouge he went through the red lights; il n'a pas attendu le feu vert pour passer he didn't wait for the lights to turn green; il m'a fait signe de passer he waved me on; il a fait passer la vieille dame devant lui he let the old lady go first; vas-y, ça passe! ( à un automobiliste) go on, there's plenty of room!; laisser passer qn to let sb through; laisser passer une ambulance to let an ambulance through; le volet laisse passer un peu de lumière the shutter lets in a chink of light; la cloison laisse passer le bruit the partition doesn't keep the noise out; passer par-dessus bord to fall overboard; il est passé par la fenêtre ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window; il est passé sous un train he was run over by a train; nous n'avons pas pu faire passer l'armoire par la porte we couldn't get the wardrobe through the door; à cause des travaux, on ne peut pas passer derrière la maison because of the road works, we can't get round GB ou around US the back of the house; ⇒ caravane, casser;6 ( transiter) passer par [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through; nous sommes passés par Édimbourg we went via Edinburgh; ça ira plus vite en passant par la Belgique it'll be quicker to go via Belgium; la manifestation passera dans cette avenue the demonstration will come along this avenue; passer par qn pour faire qch to do sth through sb; passer par de rudes épreuves to go through the mill, to have a rough time; passer par l'opératrice to go through the operator; passer par une rue to go along a street; passer par l'escalier de service to use the service stairs; nous sommes passés par une agence matrimoniale we met through a marriage bureau; il est passé par tous les stades de la formation he went through the various different stages of training; passer au bord de la faillite to come very close to bankruptcy; il est passé par une très bonne école he went to a very good school; la formation par laquelle il est passé the training (that) he had; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he always says the first thing that comes into his head; je ne sais jamais ce qui te passe par la tête I never know what's going on in your head; une idée m'est passée par la tête an idea occurred to me; mais qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? what on earth was he/she thinking of?; ça fait du bien par où ça passe○! [aliment, boisson] I needed that!; un éclair de malice passa dans ses yeux his/her eyes gleamed with mischief, he/she had a mischievous glint in his/her eyes; un sourire passa sur ses lèvres he/she smiled for a second; en passant par including; des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe from reptiles to man, including apes; ⇒ maire;7 ○( avoir son tour) il accuse le patron, ses collègues, le cuisinier, bref, tout le monde y passe he's accusing the boss, his colleagues, the cook-in other words, everyone in sight; le rock, le blues, la musique classique, tout y passe rock, blues, classical music, you name it; que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer whether you like it or not, there's no alternative; la nouvelle secrétaire va y passer aussi the new secretary will get it as well; on ne peut pas faire autrement que d'en passer par là there is no other way around it; je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là I know all about that, I've been there○;8 ( négliger) passer sur to pass over [question, défaut, erreur]; je préfère passer sur ce point pour l'instant I'd rather not dwell on that point for the moment; il est or a passé sur les détails he didn't go into the details; si l'on passe sur les frais de déplacement if we ignore the travel expenses; passons (là-dessus)! ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!; ( pardon) let's say no more about it!; passer à côté d'une question ( volontairement) to sidestep a question; ( involontairement) to miss the point; laisser passer qch ( délibérément) to let sth pass, to overlook sth; ( par inadvertance) to let sth slip through, to overlook sth; laisser passer une occasion, passer à côté d'une occasion to miss an opportunity, to let an opportunity slip ou go by; laisser passer quelques erreurs par gentillesse to overlook a few errors out of soft-heartedness; on ne peut pas laisser passer une telle erreur we cannot let a mistake like that through; le réviseur a laissé passer plusieurs fautes the proofreader let several mistakes slip through; il leur laisse passer tous leurs caprices he indulges their every whim;9 ( ne pas approfondir) en passant in passing; notons en passant que we should note in passing that; en passant, il a ajouté que in passing, he added that; soit dit en passer incidentally;10 (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well (auprès de with); [loi, règlement, mesure] to get through; [attitude, pensée, doctrine] to be accepted; [candidat] to get through; je ne me sens pas bien, ce doit être le concombre qui passe mal I don't feel well, it must be the cucumber; prends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion; vos critiques sont mal passées/ne sont pas passées your criticism went down badly/didn't go down well; ils n'ont jamais pu faire passer leur réforme/leurs idées they never managed to get their reform through/their ideas accepted; que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander; avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas flattery won't work with him; passer au premier tour Pol to be elected in the first round; passer dans la classe supérieure to move up to the next year ou grade US; (ça) passe pour cette fois○ this time, I'll let it go;11 ( se déplacer) passer de France en Espagne to leave France and enter Spain; passer de la salle à manger au salon to move from the dining room to the lounge; passer à l'ennemi to go over to the enemy; passer dans le camp adverse to go over to the other side; passer sous contrôle de l'ONU/de l'État to be taken over by the UN/the government; passer sous contrôle ennemi to fall into enemy hands; passer de main en main to be passed around; passer constamment d'un sujet à l'autre to flit from one subject to another; passer d'un amant à un autre to go from one lover to the next; passer de l'opulence à la misère to go from extreme wealth to extreme poverty; passer de la théorie à la pratique to put theory into practice; leur nombre pourrait passer à 700 their number could reach 700; passer à un taux supérieur/inférieur to go up to a higher rate/down to a lower rate; faire passer qch de 200 à 300 to increase sth from 200 to 300; faire passer qch de 300 à 200 to decrease sth from 300 to 200; expression passée en proverbe expression that has become a proverb;12 ( être pris) passer pour un imbécile/pour être une belle ville to be generally thought of as stupid/as a beautiful town (auprès de by); passer pour un génie to pass as a genius; son excentricité passe pour de l'intelligence his/her eccentricity passes for intelligence; il passe pour l'inventeur de l'ordinateur he's supposed to have invented computers; passer pour quelqu'un d'autre to be taken for someone else; il pourrait passer pour un Américain he could be taken for an American; il veut passer pour un grand homme he wants to be seen as a great man; faire passer qn/qch pour exceptionnel/exemplaire to make sb/sth out to be exceptional/a model of perfection; se faire passer pour malade to pretend to be ill; se faire passer pour mort to fake one's own death; il se fait passer pour mon frère he passes himself off as my brother; se faisant passer pour un agent d'assurance by passing himself off as ou by impersonating an insurance salesman; il m'a fait passer pour un imbécile he made me look like a fool;13 ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to pass; quand l'orage sera or aura passé lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down; ça passera ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it; la première réaction passée, il a été possible de faire once we/they calmed down it was possible to do; nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée we had to wait for his/her anger to subside; passer de mode [vêtement, style, chanson, expression] to go out of fashion; cette mode est vite passée or a vite passé that fashion was short-lived; faire passer à qn l'envie or le goût de faire to cure sb of the desire to do; les sales gosses, je vais leur faire passer l'envie or l'habitude de tirer sur ma sonnette! those damn kids, I'll teach them to ring my bell!; ce médicament fait passer les maux d'estomac this medicine relieves stomach ache; cette mauvaise habitude te passera it's a bad habit you'll grow out of; ça lui passera avant que ça me reprenne○ it won't last;14 (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing; mon ami passe à la télévision ce soir my friend is on television tonight; les films portugais qui passent à la télévision/au Rex/à Paris the Portuguese films (that are) on television/on at the Rex/on in Paris;15 ( être placé) passer avant/après ( en importance) to come before/after; la santé passe avant tout health comes first; il fait passer sa famille avant ses amis he puts his family before his friends;16 ○( disparaître) où étais-tu (encore) passé? where (on earth) did you get to?; où est passé mon livre/le chat? where has my book/the cat got to?;17 ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by; deux ans ont passé depuis l'événement two years have passed since it happened; le temps a passé, et les gens ont oublié time has passed and people have forgotten; je ne vois pas le temps passer I don't know where the time goes; le week-end a or est passé trop vite the weekend went too quickly;18 ( se mettre à) to turn to; passons aux choses sérieuses let's turn to serious matters; nous pouvons passer à l'étape suivante we can move on to the next stage; passons à autre chose let's change the subject; nous allons passer au vote let's vote now; passer à l'offensive to take the offensive;19 ( être transmis) passer de père en fils/de génération en génération/à ses héritiers to be handed down from father to son/from generation to generation/to one's heirs; l'expression est passée dans la langue the expression has become part of the language; ça finira par passer dans les mœurs it'll eventually become common practice; il a fait passer son émotion dans la salle he transmitted his emotion to the audience;20 ( être promu) to be promoted to; il est passé général he's been promoted to general; elle est passée maître dans l'art de mentir she's an accomplished liar;21 ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into; la moitié de mon salaire passe en remboursement de mes dettes half my salary goes on paying off my debts; toutes mes économies y sont passées○ all my savings went into it;22 ○( mourir) y passer to die; si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself; on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux we've all got to go sometime, the later the better;25 ( changer de vitesse) passer en troisième/marche arrière to go into third/reverse; la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer third gear is a bit stiff; passer de seconde en troisième to go from second into third;26 Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass.C se passer vpr1 ( se produire) to happen; ça s'est passé en Chine/à Pékin/le matin/au bon moment it happened in China/in Beijing/in the morning/at the right time; il ne se passe jamais rien dans ce village nothing ever happens in this village; que se passe-t-il?, qu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening, what's going on?; tout se passe comme si le dollar avait été dévalué it's as if the dollar was devalued;2 ( être situé) to take place; la scène se passe au Viêt Nam/dans les années trente/de nos jours the scene is set in Vietnam/in the thirties/in the present day;3 ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go; comment s'est passée la réunion? how did the meeting go?; tout s'est bien passé everything went well; ça s'est mal passé it didn't go well; la réunion s'est très mal passée the meeting went very badly; tout s'est passé très vite it all happened very fast; ça va mal se passer pour toi si tu continues! you're going to be in trouble if you carry on GB ou continue doing that!; ça ne se passera pas comme ça! I won't leave it at that!;4 ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass; il s'est passé deux ans depuis, deux ans se sont passés depuis that was two years ago; il ne se passe guère de jour (sans) qu'elle ne trouve à se plaindre hardly a day goes by without her finding something to complain about; attendons que ça se passe let's wait till it's over; nos soirées se passaient à regarder la télévision we spent the evenings watching television; ⇒ jeunesse;5 ( se dispenser) se passer de [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]; nous nous sommes passés de voiture we did without a car; nous nous passerons de lui we'll do without him; je me passerais bien de tes remarques I can do without your comments; se passer de commentaires to speak for itself; ne pas pouvoir se passer de faire not to be able to help oneself from doing; se passer des services de qn to do without sb's services;6 ( se mettre) se passer la langue sur les lèvres/la main dans les cheveux to run one's tongue over one's lips/one's fingers through one's hair; se passer la main sur le front to put a hand to one's forehead;7 ( l'un à l'autre) ils se sont passé des documents they exchanged some documents; nous nous sommes passé le virus we caught the virus from each other.[pase] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être)A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]passer dans: pour empêcher les poids lourds de passer dans le village to stop lorries from driving ou going through the villagea. [devant moi] go in front of me if you can't seeb. [devant tout le monde] go to the front if you can't seepasser sous une voiture [se faire écraser] to get run over (by a car)des péniches passaient sur le canal barges were going past ou were sailing on the canal[fugitivement]un sourire passa sur ses lèvres a smile played about her lips, she smiled briefly3. [emprunter un certain itinéraire]si vous passez à Paris, venez me voir come and see me if you're in Paris[fleuve, route] to go, to run5. [sur un parcours régulier - démarcheur, représentant] to call ; [ - bateau, bus, train] to come ou to go pastle facteur passe deux fois par jour the postman delivers ou comes twice a dayle bateau/train est déjà passé the boat/train has already gone ou leftle prochain bateau passera dans deux jours the next boat will call ou is due in two days6. [faire une visite] to callj'ai demandé au médecin de passer I asked the doctor to call (in) ou to come ou to visit7. [franchir une limite] to get through8. [s'infiltrer] to passpasser dans le sang to pass into ou to enter the bloodstreamle café doit passer lentement [dans le filtre] the coffee must filter through slowly9. [aller, se rendre] to gooù sont passées mes lunettes? where have my glasses got ou disappeared to?passer de Suisse en France to cross over ou to go from Switzerland to FranceB.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]1. [se soumettre à]ce matin, je suis passé au tableau I was asked to explain something at the blackboard this morningy passer (familier) : je ne veux pas me faire opérer — il faudra bien que tu y passes, pourtant! I don't want to have an operation — you're going to have to!avec lui, toutes les femmes du service y sont passées he's had all the women in his department2. [être accepté] to passelle est passée à l'écrit mais pas à l'oral she got through ou she passed the written exam but not the oralton petit discours est bien passé your little speech went down well ou was well receivedle film passe mal sur le petit écran/en noir et blanc the film just isn't the same on TV/in black and whitepasse (encore): l'injurier, passe encore, mais le frapper! it's one thing to insult him, but quite another to hit him!3. [être transmis] to gola ferme est passée de père en fils depuis cinq générations the farm has been handed down from father to son for five generationsla locution est passée du latin à l'anglais the phrase came ou passed into English from Latin4. [entrer] to passc'est passé dans le langage courant it's passed into ou it's now part of everyday speechc'est passé dans les moeurs it's become standard ou normal practice5. [être utilisé, absorbé] to gosi les socialistes passent if the socialists get in ou are electedRADIO & TÉLÉVISIONpasser à la radio [émission, personne] to be on the radio ou the aira. [personne] to be ou to appear on televisionb. [film] to be on television8. DROIT [comparaître]passer devant le tribunal to come up ou to go before the courtpasser en correctionnelle ≃ to go before the magistrate's courtC.[EXPRIME UN CHANGEMENT D'ÉTAT]1. [accéder - à un niveau]2. [devenir] to become3. [dans des locutions verbales]passer de... à [changer d'état]: passer de l'état liquide à l'état gazeux to pass ou to change from the liquid to the gaseous statela production est passée de 20 à 30/de 30 à 20 tonnes output has gone (up) from 20 to 30/(down) from 30 to 20 tonnescomment êtes-vous passé du cinéma au théâtre? how did you move ou make the transition from the cinema to the stage?il passe d'une idée à l'autre he jumps ou flits from one idea to another4. AUTOMOBILEpasser en troisième to change ou go into third (gear)D.[EXPRIME UNE ÉVOLUTION DANS LE TEMPS]la journée est passée agréablement the day went off ou passed pleasantly2. [s'estomper - douleur] to fade (away), to wear off ; [ - malaise] to disappear ; [ - mode, engouement] to die out ; [ - enthousiasme] to wear off, to fade ; [ - beauté] to fade, to wane ; [ - chance, jeunesse] to pass ; [ - mauvaise humeur] to pass, to vanish ; [ - rage, tempête] to die down ; [ - averse] to die down, to stopfaire passer: ce médicament fait passer la douleur très rapidement this medicine relieves pain very quickly[se faner - fleur] to wilt[pâlir - teinte]4. (auxiliaire avoir) (vieilli) [mourir]il a passé cette nuit he passed on ou away last night————————[pase] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]1. [traverser - pont, col de montagne] to go over (inseparable), to cross ; [ - écluse] to go through (inseparable)2. [franchir - frontière, ligne d'arrivée] to crosspasser l'arrêt de l'autobus [le manquer] to miss one's bus stoppasser le cap Horn to (go) round Cape Horn, to round the Capequand on passe les 1 000 mètres d'altitude when you go over 1,000 metres highl'or a passé les 400 dollars l'once gold has broken through the $ 400 an ounce mark4. [transporter] to ferry ou to take across (separable)5. [introduire]passer de la drogue/des cigarettes en fraude to smuggle drugs/cigarettes6. [engager - partie du corps] to putpasser son bras autour de la taille de quelqu'un to put ou to slip one's arm round somebody's waistje n'arrive pas à passer ma tête dans l'encolure de cette robe my head won't go through the neck of the dress7. [faire aller - instrument] to runpasse le balai dans l'escalier give the stairs a sweep, sweep the stairs9. SPORT [franchir - obstacle, haie] to jump (over)[transmettre - ballon] to passB.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]1. [se soumettre à - permis de conduire] to take ; [ - examen] to take, to sit (UK) ; [ - entretien] to have ; [ - scanner, visite médicale] to have, to go for (inseparable)il a passé l'écrit, mais attendons l'oral he's passed the written exam, but let's see what happens in the oralje passe toutes les descriptions dans ses romans I miss out ou I skip all the descriptions in her novels4. [tolérer]passez-moi l'expression/le mot if you'll pardon the expression/excuse the term5. [soumettre à l'action de]passer des légumes au mixeur to put vegetables through the blender, to blend vegetablespasser quelque chose sous l'eau to rinse something ou to give something a rinse under the tappasser quelque chose à quelqu'un (familier) to give somebody a good dressing-down, to tick somebody off (UK)se faire passer quelque chose (familier) to get a good ticking off (UK), to get a good chewing-out (US)6. [donner, transmettre - généralement] to pass, to hand, to give ; [ - maladie] to give ; [ - au téléphone] to put through (separable)je te passe Fred here's Fred, I'll hand you over to Fredpasse-moi Annie let me talk to Annie, put Annie on7. [rendre public - annonce]8. (familier) [prêter] to lendje vais te passer de la crème dans le dos I'm going to put ou to rub some cream on your back11. [enfiler - vêtement] to slip ou to put on (separable)12. AUTOMOBILEpasser la troisième to change ou to shift into third gear[diapositive] to showRADIO [émission] to broadcast14. COMMERCE [conclure - entente] to conclude, to come to (inseparable), to reach ; [ - marché] to agree on (inseparable), to strike, to reach ; [ - commande] to placeC.[EXPRIME UNE NOTION TEMPORELLE]1. [employer - durée] to spendpassez un bon week-end/une bonne soirée! have a nice weekend/evening!as-tu passé une bonne nuit? did you sleep well last night?, did you have a good night?elle ne passera pas la nuit she won't see the night out, she won't last the night3. [assouvir - envie] to satisfy————————passer après verbe plus prépositionil faut le faire libérer, le reste passe après we must get him released, everything else is secondary————————passer avant verbe plus prépositionto go ou to come beforeses intérêts passent avant tout his own interests come before anything else, he puts his own interests before everything else————————passer par verbe plus préposition1. [dans une formation] to go through2. [dans une évolution] to go through, to undergole pays est passé par toutes les formes de gouvernement the country has experienced every form of government3. [recourir à] to go throughpour comprendre, il faut être passé par là you have to have experienced it to understand————————passer pour verbe plus préposition1. [avec nom] to be thought of asje vais passer pour un idiot I'll be taken for ou people will take me for an idiot2. [avec adj]3. [avec verbe]elle passe pour descendre d'une famille noble she is said to be descended from an aristocratic family————————passer sur verbe plus préposition[excuser] to overlookpassons sur les détails let's pass over ou skip the detailspassons! let's say no more about it!, let's drop it!tu me l'avais promis, mais passons! you promised me, but never mind!————————se passer verbe pronominal intransitifla soirée s'est passée tranquillement the evening went by ou passed quietlyqu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening?, what's going on?il se passe que ton frère vient d'être arrêté, (voilà ce qui se passe)! your brother's just been arrested, that's what's!il ne se passe pas une semaine sans qu'il perde de l'argent aux courses not a week goes by without him losing money on the horses3. [se dérouler - dans certaines conditions] to go (off)l'opération s'est bien/mal passée the operation went (off) smoothly/badlysi tout se passe bien, nous y serons demain if all goes well, we'll be there tomorrowtout se passe comme prévu everything's going according to plan ou going as planned————————se passer verbe pronominal transitifil se passa un peigne/la main dans les cheveux he ran a comb/his fingers through his hair————————se passer de verbe pronominal plus préposition1. [vivre sans] to do ou to go without2. [s'abstenir]3. [ne pas avoir besoin de]————————en passant locution adverbiale1. [dans la conversation] in passingfaire une remarque en passant to remark in passing, to make a casual remark2. [sur son chemin]il s'arrête de temps à autre en passant he calls on his way by ou past from time to time————————en passant par locution prépositionnelle————————1. [dans l'espace] vial'avion va à Athènes en passant par Londres the plane goes to Athens via London ou stops in London on its way to Athens2. [dans une énumération] (and) including -
4 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
5 en igualdad de condiciones
= other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis, all (other) things being equalEx. Other things being equal, the capability of a service will tend to increase as the resources devoted to it increase.Ex. Rather than take a whole lot of time on this, let me utter a brief commercial on behalf of a book which addresses precisely this area of women-related headings, Joan Marshall's 'On Equal Terms'.Ex. Above all, the relationship between Western experts and the Third World must be one of equal partners, not of donor and recipient.Ex. It is seen that open access to land can lead to overpopulation in a ceteris paribus sense.Ex. In a tie, the data suggests the nod would go to search engines = En igualdad de condiciones, los datos nos dan a entender que serían los buscadores los que ganarían el pulso, en última instancia.Ex. With a payment system the consumer controls production, and all goods compete on an equal footing.Ex. All appropriate measures shall be taken to establish adequate legal protection of the rights of women on an equal basis with men.Ex. Some of the modern evidence supporting the law of demand shows that, all other things being equal, when the price of a good rises, the amount of it demanded decreases.* * *= other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis, all (other) things being equalEx: Other things being equal, the capability of a service will tend to increase as the resources devoted to it increase.
Ex: Rather than take a whole lot of time on this, let me utter a brief commercial on behalf of a book which addresses precisely this area of women-related headings, Joan Marshall's 'On Equal Terms'.Ex: Above all, the relationship between Western experts and the Third World must be one of equal partners, not of donor and recipient.Ex: It is seen that open access to land can lead to overpopulation in a ceteris paribus sense.Ex: In a tie, the data suggests the nod would go to search engines = En igualdad de condiciones, los datos nos dan a entender que serían los buscadores los que ganarían el pulso, en última instancia.Ex: With a payment system the consumer controls production, and all goods compete on an equal footing.Ex: All appropriate measures shall be taken to establish adequate legal protection of the rights of women on an equal basis with men.Ex: Some of the modern evidence supporting the law of demand shows that, all other things being equal, when the price of a good rises, the amount of it demanded decreases. -
6 inquietud
f.1 worry, anxiety.2 restlessness, unrest, anxiety, concern.* * *1 (agitación) restlessness2 (preocupación) worry, anxiety3 (interés) interest\tener inquietudes to have many interests* * *noun f.1) restlessness2) concern, uneasiness* * *SF1) (=preocupación) concernexpresaron su inquietud por el futuro de sus hijos — they expressed their concern for their children's future
los rumores han provocado inquietud entre los inversores — the rumours have aroused concern among investors
aumenta la inquietud por la proliferación de armas nucleares — concern is growing over the proliferation of nuclear weapons
2) (=interés) interestmi hijo no tiene ninguna inquietud — my son isn't interested in anything, my son has no interest in anything
es persona de inquietudes culturales — she has an interest in culture, she has cultural interests
* * *a) ( preocupación) worryb) ( interés)c) ( agitación) restlessness* * *= concern, disquiet, agitation, unrest, trepidation, uneasiness, worry, fidgets, the, fidgeting, restlessness, interest, unsettling.Ex. There is some concern that much of the value of the data base may be negated if it does not seek to cover all materials which libraries might acquire.Ex. There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.Ex. Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.Ex. The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.Ex. This trepidation is somewhat quieted when students discover the abundance of bibliographical guides that list and describe reference works.Ex. Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.Ex. Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.Ex. Surely the fidgets in general are just a sign of nervous energy, and almost all young people fidget.Ex. But fidgeting is a bad sign in adults, and the mental version of the fidgets is practically a defining mark of the age we live in now.Ex. A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.Ex. An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.Ex. Perhaps the unsettling that is experienced in a predicament is because these situations create an opening for messy emotional responses that draw on feelings.----* inquietud motora = akathisia.* * *a) ( preocupación) worryb) ( interés)c) ( agitación) restlessness* * *= concern, disquiet, agitation, unrest, trepidation, uneasiness, worry, fidgets, the, fidgeting, restlessness, interest, unsettling.Ex: There is some concern that much of the value of the data base may be negated if it does not seek to cover all materials which libraries might acquire.
Ex: There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.Ex: Historically, similar forces appear to be responsible for the agitation to decentralise libraries on university campuses.Ex: The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.Ex: This trepidation is somewhat quieted when students discover the abundance of bibliographical guides that list and describe reference works.Ex: Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.Ex: Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.Ex: Surely the fidgets in general are just a sign of nervous energy, and almost all young people fidget.Ex: But fidgeting is a bad sign in adults, and the mental version of the fidgets is practically a defining mark of the age we live in now.Ex: A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.Ex: Perhaps the unsettling that is experienced in a predicament is because these situations create an opening for messy emotional responses that draw on feelings.* inquietud motora = akathisia.* * *1 (preocupación) worryuna serie de inquietudes relacionadas con la ecología a series of ecology-related worries o concernsexiste gran inquietud por el futuro de los astilleros there is a great deal of anxiety o concern over the future of the shipyardsla creciente inquietud por su estado the increasing worry o anxiety o uneasiness over its state2(interés): es una persona sin inquietudes she has no interest in anythingla inquietud filosófica del poeta the poet's philosophical preoccupations3 (agitación) restlessness* * *
inquietud sustantivo femenino
inquietud por algo concern about sthb) ( interés):
su inquietud filosófica his philosophical preoccupations
inquietud sustantivo femenino
1 (falta de sosiego) worry
2 (falta de quietud) restlessness
3 (interés, inclinación) (más en pl) no tiene inquietudes, he has no interest in anything
' inquietud' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
malestar
- menear
- preocupación
English:
agitation
- alarm
- anxiety
- legitimate
- queasiness
- worry
- concern
- discomfort
- disquiet
- disturb
- trepidation
- unease
* * *inquietud nf1. [preocupación] worry, anxiety;esperan el resultado con inquietud they are anxiously awaiting the result;hay inquietud por el comportamiento de la inflación people are worried o concerned about inflation2. [afán de saber]desde pequeño mostró sus inquietudes musicales she showed musical leanings from an early age;tener inquietudes to have an inquiring mind;tiene inquietudes por la botánica he's very interested in botany;mis alumnos no tienen inquietudes de ningún tipo my pupils aren't interested in anything* * *f1 worry, anxiety2 intelectual interest* * *inquietud nf1) : anxiety, uneasiness, worry2) agitación: restlessness* * * -
7 дистанционное техническое обслуживание
дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент
Service from afarДистанционный сервисABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industryРазработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехникуABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).Proactive maintenanceRemote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.Прогнозирование неисправностейRemote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the mostСайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступДля того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.Award-winning solutionIn June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.Приз за удачное решениеВ июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.Higher production uptimeSince the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”Увеличение полезного времениС момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».Service accessRemote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.Доступность сервисаСеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.Тематики
- тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи
Обобщающие термины
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > дистанционное техническое обслуживание
8 descenso
m.1 descent.2 drop.ir en descenso to be decreasing o on the decline3 downhill.4 relegation.5 demotion.6 descensus.* * *1 (acción) descent, lowering2 (de temperatura) drop, fall* * *noun m.1) descent2) drop, fall* * *SM1) [de temperatura, nivel, precio, demanda] fall, dropun descenso de la producción — a fall o drop in production
un descenso en el número de escolares — a fall o drop in the number of pupils
descenso térmico — fall o drop in temperature
2) [de un lugar a otro] descentla prueba de descenso — (Dep) the downhill event
3) [en orden, jerarquía] downgrading, demotion; (Dep) relegation4) (=pendiente) slope* * *1)a) (de temperatura, nivel) fall, drop; ( de precios) fallel descenso en el número de accidentes — the fall o decrease in the number of accidents
b) ( desde una altura) descentla carrera or prueba de descenso — the downhill
2) (Dep) relegation* * *= decline, drop, dropping off, lowering, spiral, dip, droop, downward spiral, fall, slump, downswing, descent, drawdown.Ex. Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.Ex. Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.Ex. There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.Ex. Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.Ex. The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.Ex. After the second grade, the growth rate in the number of articles read slows but continues to increase, with the exception of a dip at the fifth grade.Ex. This article describes a study undertaken in Brazil to investigate the phenomenon of the droop at the end of the graph demonstrating Bradford's law which corresponds to the journals of low productivity.Ex. The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.Ex. There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.Ex. A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.Ex. The street-smart kid's descent into crime and heroin addiction is now too familiar a story.Ex. Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.----* descenso de aguas bravas = rafting.* descenso de nivel = drawdown.* descenso en picado = swoop.* experimentar un descenso = experience + drop.* * *1)a) (de temperatura, nivel) fall, drop; ( de precios) fallel descenso en el número de accidentes — the fall o decrease in the number of accidents
b) ( desde una altura) descentla carrera or prueba de descenso — the downhill
2) (Dep) relegation* * *= decline, drop, dropping off, lowering, spiral, dip, droop, downward spiral, fall, slump, downswing, descent, drawdown.Ex: Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.
Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.Ex: There is a sharp dropping off, particularly where activities require going beyond the library walls = Se da un marcado descenso, especialmente allí donde las actividades necesitan ir más allá de los muros de la biblioteca.Ex: Irrespective of the depth of indexing, however, the essential simplicity of post-coordinate indexing is a factor that can lead to a lowering of precision at the search stage.Ex: The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.Ex: After the second grade, the growth rate in the number of articles read slows but continues to increase, with the exception of a dip at the fifth grade.Ex: This article describes a study undertaken in Brazil to investigate the phenomenon of the droop at the end of the graph demonstrating Bradford's law which corresponds to the journals of low productivity.Ex: The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.Ex: There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.Ex: A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.Ex: The street-smart kid's descent into crime and heroin addiction is now too familiar a story.Ex: Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.* descenso de aguas bravas = rafting.* descenso de nivel = drawdown.* descenso en picado = swoop.* experimentar un descenso = experience + drop.* * *A1 (de la temperatura, del nivel) fall, drop; (de precios) fallel descenso del nivel de los embalses the drop in the level of the reservoirsha habido un brusco descenso en los precios del crudo there has been a sharp fall in the price of crude oilel descenso en el número de accidentes the fall o decrease in the number of accidents2 (desde una altura) descentiniciaremos el descenso en pocos minutos we shall begin our descent in a few minutesla carrera or prueba de descenso the downhillB ( Dep) relegation* * *
descenso sustantivo masculino
1
( de precios) fall
2 (Dep) relegation
descenso sustantivo masculino
1 descent: participamos en el descenso del río, we took part in the white water canoeing
2 (de temperatura, precios) fall, drop
3 Dep (de categoría) relegation
' descenso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
baja
- bajada
- bajón
- abrupto
- agudo
- brusco
- caída
- notorio
- picada
English:
comedown
- descent
- dip
- downhill
- downturn
- drop
- fall
- swoop
- anticlimax
- couple
- decline
- decrease
- demotion
- dive
* * *descenso nm1. [de una altura] descent;los ciclistas iniciaron el descenso the cyclists began the descent;sufrieron un accidente en el descenso they had an accident on the way downdescenso de aguas bravas white water rafting;descenso de barrancos canyoning2. [de precio, temperatura, nivel] fall, drop;el fuerte descenso de las temperaturas the sharp drop in temperatures;la tasa de desempleo experimentó un espectacular descenso there was a spectacular drop in the unemployment rate;ir en descenso to be decreasing o on the decline3. [prueba de esquí] downhill4. [en competición deportiva] relegation;estar en las posiciones de descenso to be in the relegation zone* * *m2 DEP relegation* * *descenso nm1) : descent2) baja, caída: drop, fall* * *descenso n1. (de temperatura, precios, etc) drop / fall2. (bajada) descent9 avanzar
v.1 to advance.las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancingel tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't movingMi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.Ricardo avanzó las ventas Richard advanced=promoted sales.2 to make progress.está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studiesesta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly3 to pass (time).el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes quicklya medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on4 to move forward.El coche avanza lentamente The car moves forward slowly.* * *1 to advance, go forward1 (mover adelante) to advance, move forward2 (dinero) to advance3 (promover) to promote4 (una propuesta) to put forward1 (adelantarse) to go forward, advance; (día, noche) to draw in* * *verb1) to advance, move forward2) progress* * *1. VT1) (=mover) to move forward, advanceavanzó la ficha cuatro casillas — he moved the counter forward four spaces, he advanced the counter four spaces
2) [+ dinero] to advance3) [+ opinión, propuesta] to put forward4) [+ resultado] to predict; [+ predicción] to make5) Caribe (=vomitar) to vomit2. VI1) (=ir hacia adelante) to advance, move forwardel ejército avanzó de madrugada — the army advanced o moved forward at dawn
no me esperéis, seguid avanzando — don't wait for me, carry on
2) (=progresar) to make progresslas conversaciones de paz no parecen avanzar — the peace talks do not seem to be progressing o making (any) progress
la genética avanza a ritmo vertiginoso — genetics is progressing o advancing at a dizzy speed
3) [noche, invierno] to draw on, approach3.See:* * *1.verbo intransitivoa) persona/tráfico to advance, move forwardavanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy
b) ciencia/medicina to advancec) cinta/rollo to wind ond) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progresse) tiempo to draw on2.avanzar vta) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advanceb) ( mover) to move... forward, advanceavanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward
c) < propuesta> to put forward* * *= gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.Ex. Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.Ex. In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.Ex. Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.Ex. The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.Ex. All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.Ex. Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.Ex. Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.Ex. Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.Ex. In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.Ex. The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.----* a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.* a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.* avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.* avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.* avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.* avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.* avanzar fácilmente = coast.* avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).* avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).* avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.* avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.* avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.* avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.* avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.* avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).* avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.* avanzar rápidamente = gallop.* avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.* conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.* conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.* hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.* hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.* hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.* hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.* no avanzar = tread + water.* no avanzar más = go + no further.* que avanza lentamente = crawling.* que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.* seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.* tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.* * *1.verbo intransitivoa) persona/tráfico to advance, move forwardavanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy
b) ciencia/medicina to advancec) cinta/rollo to wind ond) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progresse) tiempo to draw on2.avanzar vta) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advanceb) ( mover) to move... forward, advanceavanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward
c) < propuesta> to put forward* * *= gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.
Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.Ex: Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.Ex: In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.Ex: Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.Ex: The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.Ex: All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.Ex: Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.Ex: However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.Ex: Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.Ex: Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.Ex: In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.Ex: The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.* a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.* a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.* avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.* avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.* avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.* avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.* avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.* avanzar fácilmente = coast.* avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).* avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).* avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.* avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.* avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.* avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.* avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.* avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).* avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.* avanzar rápidamente = gallop.* avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.* conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.* conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.* hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.* hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.* hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.* hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.* no avanzar = tread + water.* no avanzar más = go + no further.* que avanza lentamente = crawling.* que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.* seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.* tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.* * *avanzar [A4 ]vi1 «tropas/persona/tráfico» to advance, move forward avanzar HACIA algo:las tropas avanzan hacia la capital the troops are advancing on the capitalel país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving o advancing toward(s) democracy2 ( Fot) «rollo» to wind on3 «persona» (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progressno estoy avanzando mucho con este trabajo I'm not making much progress o headway o I'm not getting very far with this work4 «tiempo» to draw on■ avanzarvt1 (adelantarse) to move forward, advanceavanzaron unos pasos they moved forward o advanced a few steps, they took a few steps forward2 (mover) to move … forward, advanceavanzó un peón he moved o pushed a pawn forward, he advanced a pawn3 ‹propuesta› to put forward* * *
avanzar ( conjugate avanzar) verbo intransitivo
[negociaciones/proyecto] to progress
verbo transitivo
avanzar verbo transitivo to advance, make progress
' avanzar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
sacudida
- salto
- tantear
- adelantar
English:
advance
- come forward
- crawl
- edge
- freewheel
- go forward
- headway
- move
- move along
- pace
- proceed
- progress
- struggle along
- struggle on
- surge
- wind
- fast
- head
- hover
- inch
- lumber
- scroll
- somewhere
* * *♦ vi1. [moverse] to advance;las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing;el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving2. [progresar] to make progress;está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies;esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly3. [tiempo] to pass;el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes very quickly;a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on4. [carrete] to wind on♦ vt1. [adelantar] to move forward;las tropas avanzaron sus posiciones the troops advanced their position;avanzaron varias posiciones en la clasificación de liga they moved up several places in the leagueles avanzó los resultados del estudio she informed them of the results of the study before it was published3. [carrete] to wind on* * *I v/t1 move forward, advance;avanzar un pie take a step forward2 dinero advanceII v/i2 en trabajo make progress* * *avanzar {21} v: to advance, to move forward* * *avanzar vb1. (progresar) to make progress / to get on2. (ir hacia delante) to advance / to move forward10 introducción
f.1 introduction, preamble, lead-in, prologue.2 introduction, input, insertion, putting-in.* * *1 introduction* * *noun f.* * *SF1) [de texto] introduction"Introducción a la gramática española" — "Introduction to Spanish Grammar"
2) (=inserción) insertionla introducción del tubo puede causar heridas — inserting the tube o the insertion of the tube can cause injury, the tube's insertion could cause injury
3) (=llegada) [de mercancías, cambios] introductionla revolución que supuso la introducción del vídeo en los hogares — the revolution caused by the arrival of the video in the home
4) (Inform) [de datos] input* * *1) (en libro, obra musical) introduction2)a) (de cambio, medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado — the introduction of a new product onto the market
b) ( inserción) insertionc) (a tema, cultura) introduction* * *= background, leading remark, overview, penetration, prelude, preparation, infusion, induction, backgrounder, entrée, build-up [buildup], rollout [roll-out].Nota: De un producto, principalmente..Ex. This article describes the Nordic online data base situation, outlining its background and future developments, as well as the supply of different kinds of data base.Ex. Indeed, to spark reader's curiosity incomplete and leading remarks are possible the most effective.Ex. Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.Ex. The somewhat late arrival of the ROOT thesaurus in the indexing world means that its penetration will be slow, although it has great potential as a tool for standardizing indexing languages.Ex. As a prelude to using the scheme, we will briefly outline the various sections of this book.Ex. A study then of the underlying features of the classification process and the components of a classification scheme is a preparation for the more critical and informed application of classification schemes.Ex. The infusion of computers and data bases into the law office and the tremendous increase in published legal materials have given rise to the need for the law librarian.Ex. The author concludes that the new course offered an overall improvement in library induction.Ex. He provides information ' backgrounders' to 100-200 people.Ex. Now that information is being distributed through the visual media, exhibitions can provide an entree for diversified and potentially larger audiences.Ex. The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.Ex. The interview provides a behind-the-scenes look at the company's preparation for the service's official rollout in Summer 2000.----* anterior a la introducción de la escritura = preliterate [pre-literate].* hacer una introducción = set + the scene.* hacer una introducción histórica = give + background information.* introducción (a) = introduction (to).* introducción de datos utilizando un teclado = keypunching.* modo de introducción de datos = input mode.* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.* posterior a la introducción de la escritura = postliterate [post-literate].* programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.* servir de introducción = set + the backdrop, set + the framework, set + the context.* servir de introducción a = provide + a background to.* tecla de introducción de datos = ENTER key.* * *1) (en libro, obra musical) introduction2)a) (de cambio, medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado — the introduction of a new product onto the market
b) ( inserción) insertionc) (a tema, cultura) introduction* * *= background, leading remark, overview, penetration, prelude, preparation, infusion, induction, backgrounder, entrée, build-up [buildup], rollout [roll-out].Nota: De un producto, principalmente..Ex: This article describes the Nordic online data base situation, outlining its background and future developments, as well as the supply of different kinds of data base.
Ex: Indeed, to spark reader's curiosity incomplete and leading remarks are possible the most effective.Ex: Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.Ex: The somewhat late arrival of the ROOT thesaurus in the indexing world means that its penetration will be slow, although it has great potential as a tool for standardizing indexing languages.Ex: As a prelude to using the scheme, we will briefly outline the various sections of this book.Ex: A study then of the underlying features of the classification process and the components of a classification scheme is a preparation for the more critical and informed application of classification schemes.Ex: The infusion of computers and data bases into the law office and the tremendous increase in published legal materials have given rise to the need for the law librarian.Ex: The author concludes that the new course offered an overall improvement in library induction.Ex: He provides information ' backgrounders' to 100-200 people.Ex: Now that information is being distributed through the visual media, exhibitions can provide an entree for diversified and potentially larger audiences.Ex: The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.Ex: The interview provides a behind-the-scenes look at the company's preparation for the service's official rollout in Summer 2000.* anterior a la introducción de la escritura = preliterate [pre-literate].* hacer una introducción = set + the scene.* hacer una introducción histórica = give + background information.* introducción (a) = introduction (to).* introducción de datos utilizando un teclado = keypunching.* modo de introducción de datos = input mode.* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.* posterior a la introducción de la escritura = postliterate [post-literate].* programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.* servir de introducción = set + the backdrop, set + the framework, set + the context.* servir de introducción a = provide + a background to.* tecla de introducción de datos = ENTER key.* * *A (en un libro, una obra musical) introductionB1 (de un cambio, una medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado the introduction of a new product onto the marketla introducción de esa enmienda modifica sustancialmente la ley the inclusion of that amendment substantially alters the act2 (inserción) insertionla introducción de la aguja en el músculo the insertion of the needle into the muscle3 (a un tema, una cultura) introduction introducción A algo introduction TO sthsu introducción a los misterios de la informática her introduction to o initiation into the mysteries of computers* * *
introducción sustantivo femenino
introduction;
introducción A algo introduction to sth
introducción sustantivo femenino introduction
' introducción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
que
- iniciación
- título
English:
insertion
- institution
- intro
- introduction
- preamble
- preface
- introductory
* * *introducción nf1. [presentación] introduction (a to);introducción a la lingüística [título] an introduction to linguistics;un curso de introducción a la informática an introductory course in computing2. [de libro] introduction3. [de composición musical] introduction;[en música pop] intro4. [inserción] [de objeto] insertion;Informát [de datos] input, entering5. [de novedad, medida, política, en mercado] introduction;precio especial de introducción special introductory price;la introducción de la moneda única the introduction of the single currency;a él se debe la introducción de la patata en Europa he was responsible for the introduction of the potato to Europe;una banda que se dedica a la introducción de tabaco de contrabando en Europa a gang that smuggles tobacco into Europe* * *f1 introduction3 INFOR input* * ** * *introducción n introduction11 libre
adj.1 free.un taxi libre a free o empty taxiel puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacantser libre de o para hacer algo to be free to do somethinglibre de franqueo post-freelibre de impuestos tax-free2 external (pupil).estudiar por libre to be an external student3 floating.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: librar.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) free2 (asiento) free, vacant■ ¿está libre? is this seat free?3 (sin ocupación) free4 (exento) free■ el que esté libre de pecado que tire la primera piedra let he who is without sin cast the first stone5 (alumno) external6 (en natación) free-style\dejar libre a alguien to set somebody freeir por libre familiar to do one's own thingentrada libre free admittance* * *adj.1) free2) vacant* * *1. ADJ1) [gen] free (de from, of)¿estás libre? — are you free?
el martes estoy libre, así que podemos quedar — I'm free on Tuesday so we can meet up
2) (=exento)3) (=sin ocupar) [plaza] vacant, unoccupied¿está libre este asiento? — is this seat free?
libre — [parking] spaces; [taxi] for hire
4) [tiempo] spare, free5)6)• por libre (=por cuenta propia) —
ir o funcionar por libre — to go it alone
7) (Dep, Natación)saque 1., 1), tiro 3)8) [traducción, adaptación, verso] free9)libre a bordo — (Com) free on board
10) † (=inmoral) loose, immoralde vida libre — loose-living, immoral
2. SM1) (Dep) (=tiro) free kick2) Méx taxi3.SMF (Dep) (=jugador) sweeper* * *1) <país/pueblo> freelibre de + inf — free to + inf
2)a) <traducción/adaptación> freeb) < estudiante> externalir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases
3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?
¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?
4) (exento, no sujeto)libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us
* * *= free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.Ex. Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.Ex. Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.Ex. The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.Ex. Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.Ex. The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.Ex. Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.Ex. From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.Ex. In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.Ex. Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.Ex. This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.Ex. The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.Ex. Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.Ex. Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.Ex. The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.Ex. If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.Ex. The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.Ex. In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.----* actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.* al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.* barra libre = open bar.* biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.* búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.* campo de texto libre = free-text field.* comida al aire libre = cookout.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* definición libre = liberal definition.* dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.* dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.* dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.* día libre = day off.* disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.* en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.* escalada libre = free-climbing.* espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.* espíritu libre = free spirit.* esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.* esquí libre = freestyle skiing.* estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.* estar libre de = be free from.* estilo libre = freestyle.* fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.* frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.* horas libres = released time.* indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.* instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.* juego al aire libre = outdoor game.* lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.* lenguaje libre = free language.* libre albedrío = free will.* libre cambio = laissez-faire.* libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.* libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.* libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.* libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.* libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.* libre de censura = uncensored.* libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.* libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.* libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.* libre de drogas = drug-free.* libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.* libre de humo = smokeless.* libre de humos = smoke-free.* libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.* libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).* libre de peligro = free of danger.* libre de polvo = dust-free.* libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.* libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].* libre de restricciones = unencumbered.* libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.* libre de servicio = off-duty.* libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.* libre de trabas = unencumbered.* libre mercado = free market.* libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.* manos libres = hands-free.* mantener libre de = keep + free of.* mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.* mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.* mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.* pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.* piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.* piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.* por libre = freelance.* pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.* programas de software libre = freeware.* puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.* quedar libre = become + vacant.* recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.* sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.* software libre = freeware, free software.* teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.* tener un rato libre = spare + time.* tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.* trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].* zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.* * *1) <país/pueblo> freelibre de + inf — free to + inf
2)a) <traducción/adaptación> freeb) < estudiante> externalir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases
3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?
¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?
4) (exento, no sujeto)libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us
* * *= free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.Ex: Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.
Ex: Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.Ex: The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.Ex: Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.Ex: The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.Ex: Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.Ex: From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.Ex: In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.Ex: Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.Ex: This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.Ex: The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.Ex: Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.Ex: Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.Ex: The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.Ex: If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.Ex: The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.Ex: In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.* actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.* al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.* barra libre = open bar.* biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.* búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.* campo de texto libre = free-text field.* comida al aire libre = cookout.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* definición libre = liberal definition.* dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.* dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.* dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.* día libre = day off.* disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.* en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.* escalada libre = free-climbing.* espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.* espíritu libre = free spirit.* esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.* esquí libre = freestyle skiing.* estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.* estar libre de = be free from.* estilo libre = freestyle.* fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.* frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.* horas libres = released time.* indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.* instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.* juego al aire libre = outdoor game.* lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.* lenguaje libre = free language.* libre albedrío = free will.* libre cambio = laissez-faire.* libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.* libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.* libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.* libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.* libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.* libre de censura = uncensored.* libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.* libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.* libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.* libre de drogas = drug-free.* libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.* libre de humo = smokeless.* libre de humos = smoke-free.* libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.* libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).* libre de peligro = free of danger.* libre de polvo = dust-free.* libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.* libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].* libre de restricciones = unencumbered.* libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.* libre de servicio = off-duty.* libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.* libre de trabas = unencumbered.* libre mercado = free market.* libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.* manos libres = hands-free.* mantener libre de = keep + free of.* mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.* mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.* mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.* pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.* piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.* piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.* por libre = freelance.* pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.* programas de software libre = freeware.* puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.* quedar libre = become + vacant.* recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.* sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.* software libre = freeware, free software.* teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.* tener un rato libre = spare + time.* tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.* trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].* zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.* * *A1 ‹país/pueblo› freelo dejaron libre they set him free2 libre DE + INF free to + INFeres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you wantsoy muy libre de ir vestida como se me antoje I'm perfectly entitled to dress however I like3(sin compromiso): me confesó que no era libre he admitted that he wasn't a free manCompuestos:masculine free will● libre cambio or comerciomasculine free tradefeminine free market, free market systemmasculine free marketB1 ‹traducción/adaptación› freeuna redacción sobre tema libre an essay on a theme of your choice, a free compositionlos 200 metros libres the 200 meters freestyle2 ‹estudiante› externaltrabajar por libre to work freelancehacer algo por libre ( Esp); to do sth one's own way1 ‹persona› free¿estás libre esta noche? are you free tonight?2 ‹tiempo› free¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?en sus ratos libres in her spare o free timehoy tengo el día libre I have the day off todaycuando tengas un par de horas libres when you have a couple of hours free o to spare3 ‹asiento› free¿ese asiento está libre? is that seat free?no pasó ni un taxi libre not a single empty taxi went by¿está libre el cuarto de baño? is the bathroom free?D (exento, no sujeto) libre DE algo:una propiedad libre de hipotecas an unmortgaged propertyla empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibilityartículos libres de impuestos duty-free o tax-free goodsnadie está libre de culpa nobody is blamelessnadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así something like that could happen to any of uslibre de riesgo risk-free( Méx)taxi* * *
Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)
libré es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
libre es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
librar
libre
librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
1 ( liberar) libre a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
‹de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;◊ ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!
2 ‹batalla/combate› to fight
librarse verbo pronominal:
librese de algo ‹de tarea/obligación› to get out of sth;
librese de un castigo to escape punishment;
se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
se libreon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
librese de algn to get rid of sb
libre adjetivo
1 ‹país/pueblo› free;
eres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you want;
libre albedrío free will;
libre cambio or comercio free trade;
libre mercado free market
2 ‹traducción/adaptación› free;
3 ( no ocupado) ‹persona/tiempo/asiento› free;◊ ¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?;
en sus ratos libres in her spare o free time;
tengo el día libre I have the day off
4 ( exento):
librar
I verbo transitivo
1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
2 (una orden de pago) to draw
II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
libre adjetivo free: está libre de sospecha, she's free from suspicion
eres (muy) libre de hacerlo, you are quite free to do it
libre de impuestos, tax-free
¡vía libre!, make way!
' libre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aire
- albedrío
- bufé
- carga
- desocupada
- desocupado
- día
- entrada
- franca
- franco
- hueca
- hueco
- impuesta
- impuesto
- librar
- lucha
- perilla
- plaza
- radical
- suelta
- suelto
- tiempo
- tienda
- Tiro
- tomarse
- traducción
- vía
- aduana
- caída
- despejado
- dios
- dueño
- economía
- estilo
- falta
- hora
- lavadero
- limpiar
- limpio
- lugar
- melé
- ocio
- ocupar
- paso
- puerto
- sacar
- teatro
- tiro
- tomar
- tranquilo
English:
all-in wrestling
- available
- buffet
- clear
- clearance
- day off
- door
- duty-free
- economy
- equity
- festival
- free
- free enterprise
- free fall
- free kick
- free love
- free rein
- free trade
- free-style
- garden party
- have off
- hire
- leisure time
- liberal
- liberty
- off
- open
- open-air
- outdoor
- outdoors
- outdoorsman
- own
- place
- quit
- sky-dive
- sky-diver
- sleep out
- smokeless zone
- spare
- take off
- tax free
- unoccupied
- vacancy
- vacant
- day
- demand
- duty
- enterprise
- foot
- freelance
* * *libre adj1. [sin limitaciones] free;el amor libre free love;eres libre de hacer lo que quieras you are free to do as you wish;es libre para casarse con quien quiera she is free to marry whoever she pleases;entrada libre [en letrero] entry freelibre albedrío free will; Econ libre cambio free trade; [de divisas] floating exchange rates; Econ libre circulación de capitales free circulation of capital;libre circulación de mercancías free movement of goods;libre circulación de personas free movement of people;libre mercado free market2. [no encarcelado] free3. [país] free4. [sin novio, pareja] free, available5. [sin obstáculos] [camino, carretera] clear6.libre de [exento] exempt from;libre de culpa free from blame;libre de impuestos [alcohol, cigarrillos] tax-free, duty-free7. [desocupado] [asiento] free;[retrete] vacant; [casa] empty;¿estarás libre mañana? will you be free tomorrow?;el puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacant;un taxi libre a free o empty taxi;libre [en taxi] for hire;ahora no tengo las manos libres my hands are full at the moment;aparcamiento: libre [en letrero] parking: spaces8. [tiempo] free, spare;cuando tenga un rato libre, te llamo I'll call you when I've got a (spare) moment;en mis ratos libres me gusta tocar el piano in my spare o free time I like to play the piano;mañana tengo el día libre I've got the day off tomorrow;tengo dos horas libres I have two hours spare9. [independiente] independent;[alumno] external;trabajar por libre to work freelance;estudiar por libre to be an external student;Espir por libre to do things one's own way;Espcuando viajo me gusta ir por libre más que ir en grupo I prefer travelling alone to travelling in a group10. [estilo, traducción] free;Dep200 metros libres 200 metres freestyle* * *adj free; tiempo spare, free;eres libre de you’re free to;trabajar por libre be self-employed;libre de impuestos tax free* * *libre adj1) : freeun país libre: a free countrylibre de: free from, exempt fromlibre albedrío: free will2) desocupado: vacant3)día libre : day off* * *libre adj freelibre de impuestos tax free / duty free12 novedad
f.1 newness (cualidad) (de nuevo).el nuevo sistema operativo incluye muchas novedades the new operating system incorporates many new featureses igual que el model anterior con la novedad de que utiliza energía solar it is the same as the previous model except that it now uses solar power2 change (cambio).desde que te fuiste ha habido muchas novedades en la oficina there have been a lot of changes in the office since you left3 news (noticia).4 new thing (cosa nueva).5 latest news.6 novelty, novelty value, fad.7 development, change in situation.* * *1 (cualidad) newness2 (cosa nueva) novelty3 (cambio) change, innovation■ está introduciendo muchas novedades en el departamento he's making a lot of changes in the department4 (noticia) news■ ¡vaya una novedad, hace tiempo que lo sabíamos! that's nothing new - we've known for quite a while!\sin novedad without incidentsin novedad en el frente all's quiet on the Western front* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=cualidad) novelty, newnessla novedad del método sorprendió a todos — the novelty o newness of the method surprised everyone
2) (=cosa nueva) noveltyhace tiempo que la reflexología ha dejado de ser (una) novedad — reflexology ceased to be a novelty a long time ago
¿llegó tarde? ¡vaya novedad! — iró so he was late? surprise, surprise!
3) (=cambio)la jornada ha transcurrido sin novedad — it has been a quiet day, it has been a normal day
sin novedad en el frente — (Mil) hum all quiet on the Western front
4) pl novedades (=noticias) news* * *1)a) ( cosa nueva) innovationla gran novedad para esta temporada — the latest idea (o fashion etc) for this season
b) ( cualidad) newness, noveltyc) novedades femenino plural novelties (pl)2)a) ( noticia)¿cómo sigue? - sin novedad — how is he? - much the same
b) (percance, contratiempo)sin novedad en el frente — (hum) all quiet on the Western front (hum)
* * *= innovation, recency, up-to-dateness, novelty, hype, the, newness, recentness, new release, advance.Ex. Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them were useful 'innovations' and others represented 'modifications adapted to the peculiar character of the system now proposed'.Ex. The four were: accuracy, content (the breadth or scope), recency (up-to-dateness) and frequency of presentation.Ex. Up-to-dateness is particularly vital since recent and current information is in heaviest usage.Ex. IT can motivate children, provide a ' novelty' factor to enliven routine work and serve as a bridge between the classroom and the library.Ex. However, given the hype about the networking of public libraries in the US, it is perhaps surprising to note that only 21% have some form of connection to the Internet.Ex. Newness is an intrinsic part of change.Ex. Such droops cannot be explained as the result of a relatively high scattering, due to the recentness of the topic.Ex. Attempts to order items can be problematical due to many catalogues no keeping up with deletions and new releases.Ex. I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.----* atractivo de la novedad = novelty appeal, novelty value.* boletín de novedades = current-awareness publication, current awareness bulletin.* de última novedad = streamlined.* información de novedades = press release.* novedad comercial = industry update.* novedades = roundup [round-up], daily news alerts, news alerts, roundup of news, roundup of news.* novedad pasajera = sizzle.* resumen de novedades = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.* ser la novedad = be on the scene.* ser una novedad en el contexto del que se está hablando = be a newcomer to the scene.* servicio de novedades = alerting device, alerting service, news alerts.* servicio de novedades a través del correo electrónico = e-mail alert.* sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.* tienda de novedades = novelty shop.* últimas novedades de = fresh out from.* valor de la novedad = novelty value.* * *1)a) ( cosa nueva) innovationla gran novedad para esta temporada — the latest idea (o fashion etc) for this season
b) ( cualidad) newness, noveltyc) novedades femenino plural novelties (pl)2)a) ( noticia)¿cómo sigue? - sin novedad — how is he? - much the same
b) (percance, contratiempo)sin novedad en el frente — (hum) all quiet on the Western front (hum)
* * *= innovation, recency, up-to-dateness, novelty, hype, the, newness, recentness, new release, advance.Ex: Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them were useful 'innovations' and others represented 'modifications adapted to the peculiar character of the system now proposed'.
Ex: The four were: accuracy, content (the breadth or scope), recency (up-to-dateness) and frequency of presentation.Ex: Up-to-dateness is particularly vital since recent and current information is in heaviest usage.Ex: IT can motivate children, provide a ' novelty' factor to enliven routine work and serve as a bridge between the classroom and the library.Ex: However, given the hype about the networking of public libraries in the US, it is perhaps surprising to note that only 21% have some form of connection to the Internet.Ex: Newness is an intrinsic part of change.Ex: Such droops cannot be explained as the result of a relatively high scattering, due to the recentness of the topic.Ex: Attempts to order items can be problematical due to many catalogues no keeping up with deletions and new releases.Ex: I think that the most important advance that we can look forward to is a great increase in the amount of authority data in MARC form.* atractivo de la novedad = novelty appeal, novelty value.* boletín de novedades = current-awareness publication, current awareness bulletin.* de última novedad = streamlined.* información de novedades = press release.* novedad comercial = industry update.* novedades = roundup [round-up], daily news alerts, news alerts, roundup of news, roundup of news.* novedad pasajera = sizzle.* resumen de novedades = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.* ser la novedad = be on the scene.* ser una novedad en el contexto del que se está hablando = be a newcomer to the scene.* servicio de novedades = alerting device, alerting service, news alerts.* servicio de novedades a través del correo electrónico = e-mail alert.* sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.* tienda de novedades = novelty shop.* últimas novedades de = fresh out from.* valor de la novedad = novelty value.* * *A1 (cosa nueva) innovationla última novedad en el campo de la informática the latest innovation in the field of computingen este modelo se han introducido algunas novedades some new features have been introduced on this modella gran novedad para esta temporada the latest idea ( o fashion etc) for this seasontodas las novedades en discos all the latest records3 (cualidad) newness, noveltycuando se acaba la novedad when the novelty wears offB1(noticia): no es ninguna novedad que viven juntos everybody knows they're living together¡vaya novedad! ( iró); have you only just heard?, that's hardly news!¿cómo sigue tu padre? — sin novedad how's your father? — much the same o no change2(percance, contratiempo): llegamos sin novedad we arrived safely o without incident* * *
novedad sustantivo femenino
1
2 ( noticia):◊ ¿alguna novedad? any news?;
eso no es ninguna novedad everybody knows that;
sin novedad ‹ llegar› safely;
¿cómo sigue? — sin novedad how is he? — much the same
novedad sustantivo femenino
1 (cosa o situación nueva) novelty: no hay novedades de Juan, there is no news of John
todo transcurre sin novedad, everything is going without problems
3 (cualidad) newness, novelty
' novedad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
primicia
- sacar
- presentar
English:
departure
- development
- innovation
- novelty
- safely
* * *novedad nf1. [cosa nueva] new thing;[innovación] innovation;el nuevo sistema operativo incluye muchas novedades the new operating system incorporates many new features;es igual que el model anterior con la novedad de que utiliza energía solar it is the same as the previous model except that it now uses solar power2.[libros] new publications; [moda] latest fashions; [en página web] what's newnovedades [discos] new releases;3. [cualidad] [de nuevo] newness;[de novedoso] novelty4. [cambio] change;el enfermo evoluciona sin novedad there has been no change in the patient's condition;desde que te fuiste ha habido muchas novedades en la oficina there have been a lot of changes in the office since you left5. [noticia] news [singular];sin novedad [sin contratiempo] without incident;Mil all quiet; Humsin novedad en el frente there's nothing to report* * *f1 novelty2 cosa new thing; acontecimiento new development;sin novedad no change, same as always;llegar sin novedad arrive safely3 ( noticia) piece of news* * *novedad nf1) : newness, novelty2) : innovation* * *novedad n1. (cambio) changesi hay alguna novedad, me llamas call me if there's any change2. (noticia) news3. (producto) latest product13 automatizado
adj.automated, robot, intelligent, automatized.past part.past participle of spanish verb: automatizar.* * *ADJ automated* * *- da adjetivo automated* * *= automated, computer-based, computer-held, computerised [computerized, -USA], machine assisted, machine-held, mechanised [mechanized, -USA], computer-stored, machine-based, computer-controlled, electronically based, computering, disintermediated, unmanned, machine-readable.Ex. These principles are being applied in an ever increasing variety of contexts, both manual and automated.Ex. It may well be that the computer-based environment of such systems may overcome many of the limitations of enumerative classification schemes in their traditional applications.Ex. For each term entering the vocabulary a record is constructed in a computer-held file.Ex. Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.Ex. Her ALA activity includes having been Editor of Message from MARS, the occasional newsletter of the new RASD discussion group MARS, which stands for machine assisted Reference Service.Ex. Other indexes based on titles, both printed and machine-held, may provide access to words other than the first in a title.Ex. Mechanized systems offer a wide range of potential search strategies and searching aids.Ex. If a computer-stored controlled vocabulary is used, the assigned terms might be checked automatically and new or mistyped terms would be flagged (marked).Ex. The incorporation of such features into a system would permit us to create a machine-based catalog rather than a reference file of bibliographic records.Ex. LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.Ex. Librarians who have reservations about the spread of electronically based services are not Luddites.Ex. The 1980s have seen a significant increase in the quantity and breadth of offshore computering services -- those based in the developing countries.Ex. Database records are enhanced with links through to the full text of periodical articles, where these are available, or to the Library's disintermediated document delivery system where an online version of the article is not available.Ex. The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).Ex. 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.----* método automatizado = computer-based method.* semiautomatizado = partially-automated, semi-automated.* * *- da adjetivo automated* * *= automated, computer-based, computer-held, computerised [computerized, -USA], machine assisted, machine-held, mechanised [mechanized, -USA], computer-stored, machine-based, computer-controlled, electronically based, computering, disintermediated, unmanned, machine-readable.Ex: These principles are being applied in an ever increasing variety of contexts, both manual and automated.
Ex: It may well be that the computer-based environment of such systems may overcome many of the limitations of enumerative classification schemes in their traditional applications.Ex: For each term entering the vocabulary a record is constructed in a computer-held file.Ex: Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.Ex: Her ALA activity includes having been Editor of Message from MARS, the occasional newsletter of the new RASD discussion group MARS, which stands for machine assisted Reference Service.Ex: Other indexes based on titles, both printed and machine-held, may provide access to words other than the first in a title.Ex: Mechanized systems offer a wide range of potential search strategies and searching aids.Ex: If a computer-stored controlled vocabulary is used, the assigned terms might be checked automatically and new or mistyped terms would be flagged (marked).Ex: The incorporation of such features into a system would permit us to create a machine-based catalog rather than a reference file of bibliographic records.Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.Ex: Librarians who have reservations about the spread of electronically based services are not Luddites.Ex: The 1980s have seen a significant increase in the quantity and breadth of offshore computering services -- those based in the developing countries.Ex: Database records are enhanced with links through to the full text of periodical articles, where these are available, or to the Library's disintermediated document delivery system where an online version of the article is not available.Ex: The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).Ex: 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.* método automatizado = computer-based method.* semiautomatizado = partially-automated, semi-automated.* * *automatizado -daautomated* * *
Del verbo automatizar: ( conjugate automatizar)
automatizado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
automatizado
automatizar
automatizado◊ -da adjetivo
automated
automatizar ( conjugate automatizar) verbo transitivo
to automate
* * *automatizado, -a adjautomated14 coste
m.cost (de producción). (peninsular Spanish)coste de distribución distribution costcostes de explotación operating costscostes fijos fixed costscostes indirectos indirect costscostes de mano de obra labor costscoste de sustitución replacement costcoste de la vida cost of livingcoste unitario unit costcostes variables variable costs* * *1 cost, price, expense\coste de la vida cost of livingprecio de coste cost price* * *SM Esp costa precio de coste — at cost, at cost price
coste de mantenimiento — upkeep, maintenance cost
coste, seguros y flete — cost, insurance and freight, C.I.F.
costes laborales unitarios — unitary labour o (EEUU) labor costs
* * ** * *= cost, cost price.Ex. If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.Ex. However, it was still not possible to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the service or to calculate the cost prices and to compare these with the average national cost price.----* a bajo coste = low-cost.* abaratar costes = lower + costs.* ahorro en los costes = savings in costs.* análisis de costes = cost analysis.* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* a precio de coste = at cost.* a precios de coste = at cost price.* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.* aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.* a un coste mínimo = at (a) minimum cost.* a un coste que = at costs which.* a un coste total = at a total cost.* a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.* bajo coste = low cost.* basado en los costes = cost-based [cost based].* calcular los costes = cost out.* con unos costes mínimos = with minimum costs.* coste alternativo = opportunity cost.* coste de fabricación = manufacturing cost.* coste de la inversión = investment cost.* coste de la unidad = unit cost.* coste de la vida = cost of living.* coste de oportunidad = opportunity cost.* coste de sustitución = opportunity cost.* coste de vidas humanas = human cost.* coste disparado = escalating cost.* coste marginal = marginal cost.* coste máximo = maximum cost.* coste mínimo = minimal cost, minimum cost.* costes = cost factors, cost structure, cost price structure.* costes de funcionamiento = running costs.* costes de mano de obra = labour costs.* costes de mantenimiento = maintenance costs, running costs.* costes de mantenimiento energético = energy costs.* costes de personal = staff costs.* costes de producción = production costs.* costes descontrolados = runaway costs.* costes directos = direct costs.* costes disparados = spiralling costs, soaring cost, runaway costs.* costes + dispararse = costs + spiral.* costes-eficacia = cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency.* costes en metálico = cash costs.* costes indirectos = indirect costs.* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.* costes por las nubes = soaring cost, spiralling costs.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* de coste cero = zero-cost.* estimación de costes = costing, cost estimates.* estimar los costes = cost out.* financiar los costes = underwrite + costs.* índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.* modelo de análisis de costes = cost model.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* preocupado por los costes = cost-conscious [cost conscious].* preocuparse del coste de = be cost conscious.* recuperación de costes = cost recovery.* reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].* reducir costes = reduce + costs.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* sin coste alguno = at no personal cost, at no cost, without cost, costless, without charge, free of charge, free of cost, cost free, for free, at no charge.* sin ningún coste = without charge, without cost, free of charge, at no cost, free of cost, cost free, for free, costless, at no charge.* sufragar los costes = underwrite + costs.* * ** * *= cost, cost price.Ex: If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
Ex: However, it was still not possible to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the service or to calculate the cost prices and to compare these with the average national cost price.* a bajo coste = low-cost.* abaratar costes = lower + costs.* ahorro en los costes = savings in costs.* análisis de costes = cost analysis.* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* a precio de coste = at cost.* a precios de coste = at cost price.* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.* aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.* a un coste mínimo = at (a) minimum cost.* a un coste que = at costs which.* a un coste total = at a total cost.* a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.* bajo coste = low cost.* basado en los costes = cost-based [cost based].* calcular los costes = cost out.* con unos costes mínimos = with minimum costs.* coste alternativo = opportunity cost.* coste de fabricación = manufacturing cost.* coste de la inversión = investment cost.* coste de la unidad = unit cost.* coste de la vida = cost of living.* coste de oportunidad = opportunity cost.* coste de sustitución = opportunity cost.* coste de vidas humanas = human cost.* coste disparado = escalating cost.* coste marginal = marginal cost.* coste máximo = maximum cost.* coste mínimo = minimal cost, minimum cost.* costes = cost factors, cost structure, cost price structure.* costes de funcionamiento = running costs.* costes de mano de obra = labour costs.* costes de mantenimiento = maintenance costs, running costs.* costes de mantenimiento energético = energy costs.* costes de personal = staff costs.* costes de producción = production costs.* costes descontrolados = runaway costs.* costes directos = direct costs.* costes disparados = spiralling costs, soaring cost, runaway costs.* costes + dispararse = costs + spiral.* costes-eficacia = cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency.* costes en metálico = cash costs.* costes indirectos = indirect costs.* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.* costes por las nubes = soaring cost, spiralling costs.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* de coste cero = zero-cost.* estimación de costes = costing, cost estimates.* estimar los costes = cost out.* financiar los costes = underwrite + costs.* índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.* modelo de análisis de costes = cost model.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* preocupado por los costes = cost-conscious [cost conscious].* preocuparse del coste de = be cost conscious.* recuperación de costes = cost recovery.* reducción de costes = cost saving [cost-saving].* reducir costes = reduce + costs.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* sin coste alguno = at no personal cost, at no cost, without cost, costless, without charge, free of charge, free of cost, cost free, for free, at no charge.* sin ningún coste = without charge, without cost, free of charge, at no cost, free of cost, cost free, for free, costless, at no charge.* sufragar los costes = underwrite + costs.* * *( Esp)* * *
Del verbo costar: ( conjugate costar)
costé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
costar
coste
costar ( conjugate costar) verbo transitivo
◊ ¿cuánto me costeá arreglarlo? how much will it cost to fix it?b) ( en perjuicios):
le costó el puesto it cost him his jobc) ( en esfuerzo):
cuesta abrirlo it's hard to open;
me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard o difficult to believe
verbo intransitivo
b) ( resultar perjudicial):
c) ( resultar difícil):
no te cuesta nada intentarlo it won't do you any harm to give it a try;
la física le cuesta he finds physics difficult;
me costó dormirme I had trouble getting to sleep
coste sustantivo masculino (Esp) See Also→◊ costo
costar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
1 (tener un precio) to cost: ¿cuánto dinero te costó?, how much did it cost you?
2 (llevar tiempo) to take
3 (ser trabajoso) me cuesta hablar alemán, I find it difficult to speak German
nos costó mucho conseguir el empleo, it was really hard to get the job
♦ Locuciones: figurado te va a costar caro, you'll pay dearly for this
cueste lo que cueste, cost what it may
coste sustantivo masculino cost
♦ Locuciones: a precio de coste, (at) cost price
' coste' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
precio
English:
cost
- cost of living
- deduction
- estimate
- index-linked
- low-cost
- manufacturing costs
- replacement cost
- run into
- spiral up
- high
* * *coste nmEsp [de producción] cost; [de un objeto] price;cuatro semanas de prueba sin coste alguno four weeks on approval free of charge;la relación coste-beneficio the cost-benefit ratio;el coste humano de la guerra the human cost of the war;Comal coste at costCom coste diferencial marginal cost; Com coste directo direct cost; Com coste de distribución distribution cost; Com coste efectivo actual cost; Com costes de explotación operating costs; Com coste de fabricación manufacturing cost; Com coste fijo fixed cost; Com coste financiero financial cost; Com coste indirecto indirect cost; Com coste de mano de obra labour cost; Com coste de mantenimiento running cost; Com coste marginal marginal cost; Econ coste de oportunidad opportunity cost; Com coste de producción cost of production; Com coste de reposición replacement cost; Com coste, seguro y flete cost, insurance and freight; Com coste unitario unit cost;coste de la vida cost of living* * *m → costo* * ** * *coste n cost15 intranquilidad
f.1 unease, anxiety.2 unrest, inner torment, restlessness, uneasiness.* * *1 worry, uneasiness* * *SF (=preocupación) worry, anxiety; (=desasosiego) restlessness* * *a) ( preocupación) disquiet, (sense of) unease o uneasinessb) ( agitación) restlessness* * *= unrest, disquiet, uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety, worry.Ex. The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.Ex. There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.Ex. Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.Ex. A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.Ex. There is a concern that when presented too many information options, the individual begins to avoid being informed, and to relieve the anxiety, makes an uninformed decision.Ex. Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.----* sensación de intranquilidad = sinking feeling.* * *a) ( preocupación) disquiet, (sense of) unease o uneasinessb) ( agitación) restlessness* * *= unrest, disquiet, uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety, worry.Ex: The subjects referred to recur frequently in the writings of the 'socially committed' -- drugs, sex, racism, student unrest, riots, scandals in government, conservation, the role of women in society are among them.
Ex: There is not any great disquiet or discomfort.Ex: Uneasiness evidenced by some inquirers at the reference desk seems to stem from unfamiliarity with the personnel and service, and a fear of appearing ignorant.Ex: A five- to ten-fold increase of the soporific dose resulted in restlessness and disorientation instead of sleep.Ex: There is a concern that when presented too many information options, the individual begins to avoid being informed, and to relieve the anxiety, makes an uninformed decision.Ex: Their worries are not altogether unfounded but they are sometimes carried too far.* sensación de intranquilidad = sinking feeling.* * *1 (preocupación) unease, disquiet, sense of unease o uneasiness2 (agitación) restlessness* * *
intranquilidad sustantivo femenino worry
' intranquilidad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ansia
- malestar
English:
disquiet
* * *1. [preocupación] unease, anxiety2. [nerviosismo] restlessness* * *f1 por preocupación unease2 ( nerviosismo) restlessness* * *preocupación: worry, anxiety16 progresar
v.1 to progress, to make progress.progresar en to make progress inMi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.2 to make progress for.Nos progresó el nuevo sistema The new system made progress for us* * *1 to progress, make progress■ desde que volvió del hospital ha progresado muchísimo since he came home from hospital he's made rapid progress* * *verb* * *VI to progress, make progress* * ** * *= gain + ground, get + far, make + gains, make + progress, make + stride, move ahead, move on, progress, make + a success of, move forward, make + advances, move along, get + unstuck, move + forward, make + headway.Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.Ex. And in the process of preserving the past, we believe that we can make substantial strides toward the digital library framework for the future.Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.Ex. As his confidence grows, he begins to make a success of his scavenging, becoming an underground entrepreneur and an explorer of the world beneath the streets.Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.----* cuanto ha progresado + Nombre = how far along + Nombre + be.* hacer progresar = nudge + Nombre + forward, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into.* hacer progresar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.* progresar adecuadamente = progress + satisfactorily.* progresar con dificultad = thread through.* progresar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.* progresar satisfactoriamente = progress + satisfactorily.* seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.* * ** * *= gain + ground, get + far, make + gains, make + progress, make + stride, move ahead, move on, progress, make + a success of, move forward, make + advances, move along, get + unstuck, move + forward, make + headway.Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.
Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.Ex: And in the process of preserving the past, we believe that we can make substantial strides toward the digital library framework for the future.Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.Ex: As his confidence grows, he begins to make a success of his scavenging, becoming an underground entrepreneur and an explorer of the world beneath the streets.Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.* cuanto ha progresado + Nombre = how far along + Nombre + be.* hacer progresar = nudge + Nombre + forward, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into.* hacer progresar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.* progresar adecuadamente = progress + satisfactorily.* progresar con dificultad = thread through.* progresar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.* progresar satisfactoriamente = progress + satisfactorily.* seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.* * *progresar [A1 ]vi«persona» to make progress, to progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progress* * *
progresar ( conjugate progresar) verbo intransitivo [ persona] to make progress, to progress;
[negociaciones/proyecto] to progress
progresar verbo intransitivo to progress, make progress
' progresar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantar
- salto
English:
come along
- come on
- dyslexia
- get along
- get on
- go forward
- headway
- move on
- progress
- advance
- get
- move
* * *progresar vito progress, to make progress;progresar en to make progress in* * *v/i progress, make progress* * *progresar vi: to progress, to make progress* * *progresar vb to make progress17 acudir a
v.1 to attend, to attend to, to assist at, to be present at.Alicia acudió al seminario Alicia attended the conference.2 to frequent, to visit frequently.María acude al médico sin razón Mary frequents the doctor without a reason.3 to resort to, to call upon, to call on, to look to.Ricardo acudió a María Ricardo resorted to Mary.4 to resort to, to come to.Ricardo acudió a mentir para poder comer Richard resorted to lying to eat.5 to call upon, to call on.* * ** * *(v.) = enlist + the cooperation ofEx. A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.* * *(v.) = enlist + the cooperation ofEx: A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.
18 encarecer demasiado
(v.) = price out of + the market, price out of + the reachEx. A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.Ex. Unrelenting tuition increases are pricing private institutions out of the reach of many middle-class parents.* * *(v.) = price out of + the market, price out of + the reachEx: A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.
Ex: Unrelenting tuition increases are pricing private institutions out of the reach of many middle-class parents.19 pedir ayuda a
(v.) = enlist + the cooperation ofEx. A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.* * *(v.) = enlist + the cooperation ofEx: A more satisfactory solution would be to enlist the cooperation of other centralized agencies throughout the world in order to increase coverage without pricing the service out of the market.
20 sin restricciones
adv.liberally, without reserves, generously, freely.* * *(adj.) = unrestricted, unlimited, uninhibited, unrestrictive, unfettered, free-flowing, without stint, without limit, no holds barred, unencumberedEx. Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.Ex. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.Ex. Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.Ex. New York State has recently moved away from former relatively unrestrictive policies by requiring bids on all items priced over $10,000.Ex. This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.Ex. Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.Ex. Only a man like D'Andrea, willing to use force without stint or limit, could rise to leadership against John Powers & his protected, armed partisans.Ex. As stated earlier, the purposes to which cases can be put vary almost without limit, and there is no 'correct' technique for using them, no formula to be offered to ensure success.Ex. He has demanded a ' no holds barred' investigation of the causes of the electrical power blackout that crippled New York last week.Ex. Every unencumbered license, except temporary licenses, issued under this Article shall be renewed for two years.* * *(adj.) = unrestricted, unlimited, uninhibited, unrestrictive, unfettered, free-flowing, without stint, without limit, no holds barred, unencumberedEx: Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.
Ex: Distribution of this memo is unlimited.Ex: Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.Ex: New York State has recently moved away from former relatively unrestrictive policies by requiring bids on all items priced over $10,000.Ex: This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.Ex: Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.Ex: Only a man like D'Andrea, willing to use force without stint or limit, could rise to leadership against John Powers & his protected, armed partisans.Ex: As stated earlier, the purposes to which cases can be put vary almost without limit, and there is no 'correct' technique for using them, no formula to be offered to ensure success.Ex: He has demanded a ' no holds barred' investigation of the causes of the electrical power blackout that crippled New York last week.Ex: Every unencumbered license, except temporary licenses, issued under this Article shall be renewed for two years.См. также в других словарях:
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